Kita tahu bahwasanya negara kita adalah negara yang beragam kan nah salah satu keberagamannya adalah seni musik yang berkembang di negara kita. Kali ini yang saya bahas adalah seni musik dari Nusa Tenggara Timur yang memiliki alat musik yang unik-unik tapi sayangnya terlupakan oleh waktu
Sasando
Kalau alat musik ini pasti sudah banyak yang tau. Apalagi dulu sempat tampil di acara tv Dan di kaskus ini sendiri juga pernah ada yang bahas sasando atau mungkin beberapa alat musik yang lain, jadi ane disini bahas yang beda aja ya
Ambil uang Rp 5000,- dan terawanglah tanda airnya. Apa yang terlihat? Benda yang terlihat adalah alat musik Sasando. Sebuah alat musik petik asal Pulau Rote, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Secara umum, bentuk sasando serupa dengan instrumen petik lainnya seperti gitar, biola, dan kecapi.
Bagian utama sasando berbentuk tabung panjang yang biasa terbuat dari bambu. Lalu pada bagian tengah, melingkar dari atas ke bawah diberi ganjalan-ganjalan di mana senar-senar (dawai-dawai) yang direntangkan di tabung, dari atas ke bawah bertumpu. Ganjalan-ganjalan ini memberikan nada yang berbeda-beda kepada setiap petikan senar. Lalu tabung sasando ini ditaruh dalam sebuah wadah yang terbuat dari semacam anyaman daun lontar yang dibuat seperti kipas. Wadah ini merupakan tempat resonansi sasando.
Sasando memang punya banyak senar. Sasando dengan 28 senar ini diistilahkan dengan Sasando Engkel. Jenis lain; Sasando Dobel namanya, punya 56 senar. Bahkan ada yang 84 senar. Cara memainkan sasando dengan dipetik. Mirip dengan gitar. Hanya saja sasando tanpa chord (kunci) dan senarnya harus dipetik dengan dua tangan, sehingga lebih mirip Harpa.
Bagian utama dari sasando berbentuk seperti harpa, dengan media pemantul suara terbuat dari daun Pohon Gebang (sejenis Pohon Lontar yang banyak tumbuh di Pulau Timor dan Pulau Rote) yang dilekuk menjadi setengah melingkar. Tempat senar-senar diikat terbuat dari bambu yang keras, penahan senar yang sekaligus sebagai pengatur nada senar juga terbuat dari bambu. Batang bambu itu lalu diikat menyatu dengan daun Gebang yang dibuat melingkar tadi.
Pemain Sasando dalam upacara-upacara adat biasanya mengenakan pakaian adat khusus, lengkap dengan topi TiiLangga, yaitu topi tradisional yang bentuknya menyerupai topi koboi. Sasando umumnya dimainkan bersamaan dengan gong dan gendang yang terbuat dari kulit kambing, untuk mengiringi tarian kebalai. Pada perkembangannya Sasando juga digunakan sebagai pengiring tari tradisional lain.
Saat ini sasando sudah mulai di modifikasi. Pemantul bunyi dari daun gebang sudah diganti dengan spul gitar listrik yang ditempelkan pada batang bambu ditengah sasando. Tentu sasando model ini hanya bisa mengeluarkan bunyi keras dengan bantuan sound system.
Alat Musik Tradisional NTT [ Nusa Tenggara Timur ] Yang Bernama HEO Ini, Adalah Sebuah Alat Musik Gesek Tradisional NTT [ Nusa Tenggara Timur ]. Alat Musik Tradisional HEO Ini Adalah Alat Musik Gesek Tradisional Khas NTT Yang Berasal Dari Daratan Pulau Timor, Tepatnya Adalah Alat Musik Tradisional Khas Suku Dawan Timor.
Alat Musik Gesek Tradisional HEO Ini, Terbuat Dari Kayu, Sedangkan Bagian Yang Digunakan Sebagai Penggeseknya Terbuat Dari Ekor Kuda Yang Telah Dirangkai Menjadi Sebuah Ikatan Pada Kayu Penggesek Yang Berbentuk Seperti Busur
Dawai Dari Alat Musik Gesek Tradisional HEO Ini Terbuat Dari Usus Kuskus Yang Telah Dikeringkan. Alat Musik Gesek Tradisional HEO Ini Mempunyai 4 Dawai, Dan Masing-Masing Diberi Nama :
- Dawai 1 [ Paling Bawah ] Tain Mone, Artinya Tali Laki-Laki
- Dawai 2 Tain Ana, Artinya Tali Anak [ Kecil ]
- Dawai 3 Tain Feto, Artinya Tali Perempuan
- Dawai 4 Tain Ena, Artinya Tali Induk
Dawai Pertama Bernada Sol, Dawai Kedua Bernada Re, Dawai Ketiga Bernada La Dan Dawai Keempat Bernada Do.
Foy Doa
Alat musik tradisional FOY DOA, adalah nama sebuah alat musik tradisional NTT [ Nusa Tenggara Timur ], yang berasal dari pulau Flores, lebih tepatnya lagi berasal dari Kabupaten Ngada.
Seberapa lama usia musik Foy Doa tidaklah diketahui dengan pasti karena tidak ada peninggalan- peninggalan yang dapat dipakai untuk mengukurnya. Foy Doa berarti suling berganda yang terbuat dari buluh/bamabu keil yang bergandeng dua atau lebih.Mungkin musik ini biasanya digunakan oleh para muda-mudi dalam permainan rakyat di malam hari dengan membentuk lingkaran. FOY DOA terdiri dari 2 atau bisa saja lebih suling yang digandeng dan dalam memainkannya digunakan secara bersama-sama.
Sistem penadaan, Nada-nada yang diproduksi oleh musik Foy Doa adalah nada-nada tunggal dan nada-nada ganda atau dua suara, hak ini tergantung selera si pemain musik Foy Doa. Bentuk syair, umumnya syair-syair dari nyanyian musik Foy Doa bertemakan kehidupan , sebagai contoh : Kami bhodha ngo kami bhodha ngongo ngangi rupu-rupu, go-tuka ate wi me menge, yang artinya kami harus rajin bekerja agar jangan kelaparan. Cara Memainkan, Hembuskan angin dari mulut secara lembut ke lubang peniup, sementara itu jari-jari tangan kanan dan kiri menutup lubang suara.
Perkembangan Musik Foy Doa, Awal mulanya musik Foy Doa dimainkan seara sendiri, dan baru sekitar 1958 musisi di daerah setempat mulai memadukan dengan alat-alat musik lainya seperti : Sowito, Thobo, Foy Pai, Laba Dera, dan Laba Toka. Fungsi dari alat-alat musik tersebut di atas adalah sebagai pengiring musik Foy Doa.
Foy Pay
Alat musik tiup dari bambu ini dahulunya berfungsi untuk mengiringi lagu-lagu tandak seperti halnya musik Foy Doa. Dalam perkembangannya waditra ini selalu berpasangan dengan musik Foy Doa. Nada-nada yang diproduksi oleh Foy Pai : do, re, mi, fa, sol.
Knobe Khabetas
Bentuk alat musik ini sama dengan busur panah. Cara memainkannya ialah, salah satu bagian ujung busur ditempelkan di antara bibir atas dan bibir bawah, dan kemudian udara dikeluarkan dari kerongkongan, sementara tali busur dipetik dengan jari. Merupakan kebiasaaan masyarakat dawan di pedesaan apabila pergi berook tanam atau mengembala hewan mereka selalu membawa alat-alat musik seperti Leku, Heo, Knobe Kbetas, Knobe Oh, dan Feku. Sambil mengawasi kebun atau mengawasi hewan-hewan, maka musik digunakan untuk melepas kesepian. Selain digunakan untuk hiburan pribadi, alat musik ini digunakan juga untuk upacara adat seperti, Napoitan Li'ana (anak umur 40), yaitu bayi yang baru dilahirkan tidak diperkenankan untuk keluar rumah sebelum 40 hari. Untuk menyonsong bayi tersebut keluar rumah setelah berumur 40 hari, maka diadakan pesta adat (Napoitan Li'ana)
Kaya Alat Musik, Lupa Konservasi
Nusa Tenggara Timur tidak hanya provinsi yang memiliki 566 pulau, tetapi juga memiliki ratusan nyanyian dan instrumen musik yang unik. Sayangnya, kekayaan budaya itu tak terurus dan semakin tergerus modernisasi.
J Kunst, etnograf asal Belanda, pernah meneliti lagu dan musik instrumental pada suku-suku di Pulau Flores. Hasilnya diterbitkan di Leiden, 1942. Dari Pulau Flores saja, ia mengumpulkan 200 nyanyian dan menemukan 59 jenis instrumen musik yang berbeda. Sasando, yang semakin populer, adalah salah satu dari alat musik yang dikaji Kunst kala itu.
Tidak banyak orang Indonesia yang mengkaji alat musik tradisional. Dosen Sastra dan Seni Musik dari Universitas Katolik Widya Mandira, Kupang, Agus Beda Ama, mengaku kesulitan mendapatkan literatur tentang etnomusikologi di NTT. Sepengetahuan dia, belum ada satu lembaga pun di Tanah Air ini yang mendokumentasikan secara lengkap berbagai alat musik etnik NTT.
Situs resmi Pemerintah Provinsi NTT hanya menyebut sebagian kecil dari alat musik tradisional NTT. Di antara alat musik tiup ada foy doa, foy pay, knobe khabetas, nuren, sunding tongkeng, prere, dan suling hidung. Ada juga alat musik petik, seperti gambus, knobe oh, heo, leko boko/bijol, reba, mendut, ketadu mara, serta sejumlah alat musik lain, misalnya sowito, kelontang, tata buang, thobo, dan sejumlah gong.
Menurut Beda Ama, musik rakyat NTT tergerus karena tidak mampu bersaing dengan budaya pop. ”Karena itu, harus ada strategi pelestarian,” katanya.
Beda Ama mengusulkan ada semacam program jumpa ”empu” peduli musik kuno di sekolah-sekolah secara berkala untuk memperkenalkan cara membuat dan bermain alat musik tradisional. ”Perlu intervensi akademis untuk melakukan inventarisasi, dokumentasi, notasi, dan analisis musikal untuk dipakai sebagai bahan belajar di sekolah-sekolah. Pemerintah harus lebih aktif karena masyarakat masih harus mengurus kebutuhan perutnya,” katanya.
Di tengah berbagai keterbatasan, ada sebagian masyarakat NTT yang melestarikan alat musik tradisionalnya. Di Kecamatan Sasita Mean, Kabupaten Belu, Pulau Timor, setidaknya ada enam sekolah yang aktif mempertahankan musik suling atau musik bambu, antara lain SD Negeri As Manulea, SD Inpres Bikane, dan SMP Keputu.
Ketika berkunjung ke SD As Manulea, sebanyak 25 anak kelas III dan IV tengah bersiap menyuguhkan alunan musik bambu kepada tamu yang akan datang dari Jakarta. Namun, karena tamu itu batal berkunjung, mereka mempertontonkan kebolehannya kepada tim Ekspedisi Jejak Peradaban NTT Kompas. Dipimpin kepala sekolahnya, Anton Massan, kelompok siswa tersebut dengan lincah memainkan beberapa lagu.
”Musik bambu di daerah lain di NTT mungkin sudah sangat langka, tetapi di Belu, terutama di As Manulea dan sekitarnya, musik bambu tetap bertahan dan hidup,” kata Anton Massan.
Sejumlah sekolah tak jarang menggelar festival musik bambu tingkat kecamatan pada perayaan Hari Kemerdekaan, acara adat di kampung tua As Manulea atau acara lain. ”Dengan festival seperti itu, sekolah terpacu untuk menjadi yang terbaik dalam bermusik bambu,” kata Manuel Un Bria, pensiunan guru SD As Manulea. (Frans Sarong)
Ada Juga Nih Alat Musik Khas Jawa Barat Klik Ini
2 Mei 2012
Macam-Macam Alat Musik dari Nusa Tenggara Timur Yang Unik dan Terlupakan
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